1. Introduction
In order to survive and develop in the market, the enterprises have to present their new product to the public rapidly and continuously. Meanwhile, they must keep their products with the low price and high quality. So, developing the new product to satisfy the costumes requirements and make them appear in the market as soon as possible becomes the key to share more part of the cake of the market
Qiao et al [2003] state that competition in the manufacturing industry over the next decade will be focused on the ability to flexibly and rapidly respond to changing market conditions. With significantly shortened product life cycles, manufacturers have found that they can no longer capture market share and gain higher profits by producing large volumes of a standard product fora mass market
Electronic communication technologies are arguably the strongest driver of change in the last decade of the millennium. During this short period, there is a remarkable series of radical shifts in telecommunications technology and infrastructure. [Giarini, 1998]
These new technologies bring about several advantages, such as increased speed, greater capacity, enhanced flexibility, greater access, and more types of messages
Masood and Khan [2004] state that according to Bedworth et al., Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a management philosophy in which the functions of design and manufacturing are rationalized and coordinated using computer, communication, and information technologies" according to Bedworth et al. (1991). CIM has the capability to largely or entirely automate flexible manufacturing by coordinating work cells, robots, automatic storage and retrieval facilities and material handling systems. One of its technology is flexible manufacturing system. A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a manufacturing system in which there is some amount of flexibility that allows the system to react in the case of changes, whether predicted or unpredicted. This flexibility is generally considered to fall into two categories, which both contain numerous subcategories.[Wikipedia, 2009]
This paper is written to see more in brief about computer integrated manufacturing and also one of its technology, Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS).
2. Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Computer Integrated Manufacturing is the integration of business, engineering, manufacturing, and management information that spans company function from marketing to product distribution. [Harrington, 1973]
"CIM is a new kind of philosophic theory used in organizing, managing, and running the enterprise's production; it takes advantage of computer software and hardware, synthetically uses modern managing technology, manufacturing technology, information technology, automatic technology, system engineering technology, and it integrates organically the three relative factors of Person, Technology, Running Management in the whole process of enterprise's production, as well as information flow and material flow, and runs them optimally, to make service excellent, bring products to market timely, and realize product's high quality, low cost, so that enterprises will win the market competition". [Masood dan Khan, 2004 p. I ]
Masood and Khan [2004] also said that CIM provides the tools to enable the use of organizational programs such as Total Quality Management, Continuous Improvement, Concurrent Engineering, and Design for Manufacturability, Design for Assembly, and back-to basics concept of "Do it right the first time".
Integrating information and organizations will decrease the logistical size of a company, making it appear to be small again-at least from the management, administration, and information-sharing viewpoints.
The goal of CIM is to provide the computer applications and communications needed to bring about the integration (with matching organizational changes) that will allow a company to take advantage of these new capabilities.
Talking about CIM is always about integration. Integration in CIM involves linking "things" which keep the form they had when they are not linked [Sudiarso, 2009]. CIM is the integration of :
· Computer system through networking
· Business process, activities and task
· Company data and information through datavbase
· Manufacturing process and activities
The CIM technologies may include:
- Computer numerically controlled machines
- Flexible manufacturing systems
- Robotics
- Automated material handling systems
- Group technology
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- Computer-aided design
- Computer-aided manufacture
The following business and manufacturing objectives should be considered in the design of the CIM system:
1. To maintain the consistency of the quality of products.
2. To deliver products on time.
3. To offer more products to customers.
4. To design products that will improve performance.
5. To design electronic devices that can be made on the shop floor
3. Flexible Manufacturing System
Flexible manufacturing system is production system consisting of asset of identical and/or complimentary numerical controlled machines which are connected through and automated transportation system. Each process in an FMS is controlled by a dedicated computer
FMS cell computer ).
The Japanese FMS builder T. Yamazaki gives the following definition of a flexible manufacturing system: 'it consists of three or more machining centers, turning machines, fabricating centers, or the like, equipped with flexible automatic loading/unloading/transfer devices and a method of monitoring tool conditions and replacement. The entire production scheduling and machining process is automatically supervised by a computer system.' [Williams, 1998]
The FMS idea are :
· This idea sprang up in several places at once in the mid 1960s
· The basic idea was a computer-controlled job shop with flow line characteristics
· FMS is between high volume production and high flexibility poduct
· FMS is between transfer line production and low volume CNC production
· Computers perform scheduling, routing, and detailed cutter path control
Numerous economic goals are pursued when an FMS is introduced. For example, it is expected that personnel costs can be reduced and that the utilization of a machine can be improved through production during an unmanned third shift or on Sundays and holidays. Furthermore, reduced processing time for orders and the associated lower inventory and capital costs are beneficial and allow a greater adaptability to short-term changes. At the same time, a high adaptability to changing long term production tasks is also ascribed to FMSs. A higher product quality: is expected through the reduction of human interference in the production process.
The high flexibility of the FMS makes the accomplishment of these goals possible. The term flexibility cannot be described in one dimension, however. It has numerous aspects. There is also no uniform definition in the economic and engineering literature. Flexibility means the availability of degrees of freedom in a certain decision making situation. This situation can arise out of disturbances of a currently running process or by new opportunities presented by the environment
An FMS consist of several closely interconnected subsystems. The subsystems of flexible manufacturing system are
1. Technical system
2. Human operator system
3. Information system
The FMS concept aims at the combination of the advantages of a conventional job shop (quick change of production tasks with low investment costs) with the efficiency of a flow shop (high production capacity with low unit costs when the production capacity is used to a high degree). However, it should be emphasized that an FMS is only flexible within the framework of the product mix for which it was designed. Universal FMSs which can process any possible workpiece spectrum do not exist. To elucidate the major aspects of flexibility, the most important types of flexibility found in the literature are presented below.
· Machine flexibility
Machine flexibility describes the ease, with which a machine can be switched over from one operation to another. In an FMS this is achieved through an automatic tool exchange.
Machine flexibility is a quality of a machine. It is affected by the dimensions of the local tool magazines.
· Material handling flexibility
Material handling flexibility is the ability of the FMS's material handling system to transport and to locate workplaces of different types and sizes. The larger the material handling flexibility the better the machines can be supplied with workpieces, thus the flexibility of the machines is not hindered by the limitations of the material handling system.
Material handling flexibility is a quality of the Material handling system. It can be influenced by its technical design and by the layout of the transportation paths.
· Operating Flexibility
Operation flexibility is available to a workpiece if it can be processed with different technological sequences of operations (process plans). The larger the operation flexibility of a workpiece, the better the workload can be balanced among the machines, thus increasing the potential production volume of the FMS.
Operation flexibility is a quality of a workpiece (i.e. the workpiece type). It is affected through the generation of different process plans for a single work-piece type.
An FMS is capable of processing workpieces of certain workpiece-spectrum in an arbitrary sequence with negligible setup delays between operation.
FMS consist of several identical and/or complementary machining centre as well as independent workpiece also possible tool storage. All component are connected through automated workpiece, tools, and information flow. FMSs can be configured process- or product oriented. In the letter case, FMS consist of different FMM ( Flexible Machining modules) and possibly also washing machines, burning machines, gaging machines, centralized tool magazine, etc. therefore, such system may be used for the complete processing of workpieces.
Implementing Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS), company can gain some benefit. The Benefit of Implementing FMS are
· Increase productivity
· Can produce high quality product
· Low cost in producing thing
· Shorter lead time
· Quick respond with changing of market needs
· To fulfill the needs of flexibility in production.
· Shorter time to market of the product.
With above benefit, company will increase more profit and also increase the efectivity of manufacturing process
4. Conclusion
The goal of CIM is to provide the computer applications and communications needed to bring about the integration (with matching organizational changes) that will allow a company to take advantage of these new capabilities.
References
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URL : http://ocw.kfupm.edu.sa/user071/SE20101/lecture%205.pdf
Giarini, J., 1998. How Electronic Communication Thechnologies Change The Way People Communicate and Collaborate. Diktat Kuliah 2008.
Masood, T. and Khan, 1., 2004. Productivity Improvement through Computer Integrated Manufacturing in Post WTO Scenario [online : accessed on March 10 2009] URL : http://www.szabist.edu.pk/NCET2004/Docs/ZSession%2011%2OPaper%2ONo%202%20(P %20171-177).pdf
Sudiarso, A. 2009. Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Lecture Slide 2009.
Tempelmeier H. and Kuhn H., 1993. Flexible Manufacturing System, Decision Support for Design and Operation. John Wiley & Sins, Inc.
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Wikipedia, 2009. Flexible Manufacturing System. .[online: accessed on March 10 2009] URL URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_manufacturing_system
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